Alaxander Calder's Birthday

Penemuan Alexander Calder

Dia ialah seorang pematung Amerika  dan seniman paling terkenal atas penemuan ponsel. Selain mobile dan patung stabil, Alexander Calder juga menciptakan lukisan, litograf, mainan, permadani, perhiasan dan benda-benda rumah tangga.

Ayahnya adalah seorang pematung dan ibunya seorang pelukis. Karena ayahnya, Alexander Calder Stirling, menerima komisi publik, keluarga melintasi negeri sepanjang masa kanak-kanak Calder. Calder didorong untuk membuat, dan sejak usia delapan tahun ia selalu punya bengkel sendiri di mana pun keluarga tinggal. 

Meskipun bakatnya, Calder aslinya tidak berangkat untuk menjadi seorang seniman. Ia justru terdaftar di Institut Teknologi Stevens setelah sekolah tinggi dan lulus pada 1919 dengan gelar sarjana teknik. Calder bekerja selama beberapa tahun setelah wisuda di berbagai pekerjaan, termasuk sebagai insinyur hidrolik dan insinyur otomotif, pencatat waktu di kamp penebangan, dan pemadam kebakaran di ruang ketel kapal. 

Dua bulan setelah kematiannya, Calder anumerta dianugerahi Presidential Medal of Freedom, penghargaan tertinggi sipil Amerika Serikat, oleh Presiden Gerald Ford. Namun, wakil dari keluarga Calder memboikot upacara Jan 10, 1977 "untuk membuat pernyataan mendukung amnesti untuk Perang Vietnam rancangan penentang ".

Pada tahun 1987, Yayasan Calder didirikan oleh keluarga Calder. Yayasan "menjalankan program sendiri, bekerja sama pada pameran dan publikasi, dan memberikan nasihat tentang hal-hal seperti sejarah, perakitan, dan pemulihan bekerja dengan Calder." Hak cipta AS representatif untuk Yayasan Calder adalah Artists Rights Society . Karya Calder dalam koleksi permanen banyak di seluruh dunia.

Childhood
Alexander "Sandy" Calder was born in Lawnton, Pennsylvania, on July 22, 1898. His father, Alexander Stirling Calder, was a well-known sculptor who created many public installations, a majority of them in Philadelphia. Calder’s grandfather, sculptor Alexander Milne Calder, was born in Scotland and immigrated to Philadelphia in 1868. He is best-known for the colossal statue of William Penn on top of Philadelphia's City Hall tower. Calder’s mother, Nanette Lederer Calder, was a professional portrait painter who studied at the Académie Julian and the Sorbonne in Paris from around 1888 until 1893. She then moved to Philadelphia where she met Alexander Stirling Calder while studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Calder’s parents were married on 22 February 1895. His sister, Margaret "Peggy" Calder, was born in 1896. Her married name was Margaret Calder Hayes, and she was instrumental in the development of the UC Berkeley Art Museum.^[2]

In 1902, Calder posed nude for his father’s sculpture The Man Cub, which is now located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. That year, he completed his earliest sculpture, a clay elephant.^[3]

Three years later, Stirling Calder contracted tuberculosis and Calder’s parents moved to a ranch in Oracle, Arizona, leaving the children in the care of family friends for a year.^[4] The children were reunited with their parents in late March 1906 and stayed at the ranch in Arizona until fall of the same year.^[5]

After Arizona, the Calder family moved to Pasadena, California. The windowed cellar of the family home became Calder's first studio and he received his first set of tools. He used scraps of copper wire that he found in the streets to make jewelry and beads for his sister’s dolls. On January 1, 1907, Calder’s mother took him to the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, where he observed a four-horse-chariot race. This style of event later became the finale of Calder’s wire circus shows.^[6]

In 1909, when Calder was in the fourth grade, he sculpted a dog and a duck out of sheet brass as Christmas gifts for his parents. The sculptures were three dimensional and the duck was kinetic because it rocked when gently tapped. These sculptures are frequently cited as early examples of Calder’s skill.^[7]

In 1910, the Calder family moved back to Philadelphia, where Alexander briefly attended the Germantown Academy, and then to Croton-on-Hudson in New York State.^[8] In Croton, during his early high school years, Calder was befriended by painter Everett Shinn with whom he built a gravity powered system of mechanical trains. Calder described We ran the train on wooden rails held by spikes; a chunk of iron racing down the incline speeded the cars. We even lit up some cars with candle lights.^[9]

After Croton, the Calders moved to Spuyten Duyvil to be closer to the Tenth Street Studio Building in New York City, where Stirling Calder rented a studio. While living in Spuyten Duyvil, Calder attended Yonkers High.

In 1912, Stirling Calder was appointed acting chief of the Department of Sculpture of the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.^[10] He began work on sculptures for the exposition that was held in 1915. During Alexander Calder’s high school years between 1912 and 1915, the Calder family moved back and forth between New York and California. In each new location Calder’s parents reserved cellar space as a studio for their son. Toward the end of this period, Calder stayed with friends in California while his parents moved back to New York so that he could graduate fromLowell High School in San Francisco. Calder graduated in the class of 1915.